One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical THEORY of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer THEORY. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer THEORY and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer THEORY. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer THEORY was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

This paper examines the work of Immanuel Kant in the light of a new THEORY on the nature of truth, knowledge and falsehood (the Inversion THEORY of Truth). Kant’s idea that knowledge could be absolutely certain, and that its truth must correspond with reality, is discredited by a dissection of the Correspondence THEORY of Truth. This examination of the nature of truth, as well as knowledge and falsehood, is conducted with reference to Sir Karl Popper’s writings on regulative ideas, the criterion of demarcation and the principle of falsifiability. It is argued that if truth is to be regarded as certain, it should be used to describe objects and events in the objective (noumenal) STATE, and that subjective knowledge must contain (and is improved by) falsehood. Perceptions and knowledge are obtained by the biological and evolutionary process of Active Subjectivism. Ideas we have knowledge of can be metaphysical or scientific, according to Popper’s Criterion of Demarcation. Kant’s “Copernican revolution” claim that our intellect imposes absolutely true laws on nature could not allow for the possibility that ideas might be constructed from fallible perceptions, and hence that all knowledge is uncertain. Instead, he developed a Critique of Practical Reason in which religion, though not provable through logical reasoning, could be proved by our innate moral sense, giving us a Categorical Imperative that could lead to perverse results. By rejecting the absolute certainty of a priori knowledge, and admitting a degree of essential falsehood, we arrive at a more reasonable grounding for moral behavior.

Considering the fact that the words in the intra-religious attitude are considered in two ways, the first is towards jurisprudential words and the second is a rational and conceptual view focusing on their meanings. we have tried to deal with one of the most important issues of intra-religious attitude with a rational approach by descriptive and analytical method, which is the category of "hermeneutic interpretation" of words, especially the most influential idea of interpretation & that is the view of the "spirit of meaning" of Ghazali. After Ghazali, Ibn Arabi used this THEORY of Ghazali regarding the development of meaning in creating his new idea, and by re-reading Ghazali's idea with a mystical approach, he presented his own THEORY regarding the expansion of meaning. While accepting the argument of the focal point of the THEORY of the spirit of meaning, he removes it from the exclusivity to the "linear", and for this purpose, he brought up arguments as well as the Conditions of Hermeneutic Interpretation in this regard. Ibn Arabi's arguments on transversal interpretation include new formulations in the argument, which after him, this THEORY was favored and accepted by Mulla Sadra, and then it was accepted by his students.

Due to its special natural and geographical conditions, the city of Tonekabon is susceptible to many shocks, including earthquakes and floods, which brings the need to pay attention to urban resilience. The present study was conducted to analyze the STATE of urban neighborhoods from the perspective of urban resilience components. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The research's statistical population was comprised of citizens living in Tonekabon city. Using Cochran's formula, the statistical sample size was estimated to be 384 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was verified in the form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software programs. The findings of this research showed that the overall resilience of Tonekabon city is in an unfavorable situation. In such a way, the average experimental value obtained for the overall resilience of the city and its dimensions was lower than the average value of 3. Among the localities of the studied area, Karim Abad neighborhood, in which the overall average obtained was equal to 2.78, was in a better condition than other localities, and Tonekabon neighborhood, according to the average (2.39), was in an unfavorable condition among the studied localities. Among the other research findings, among the components of urban resilience, the physical factor with a path coefficient of 0.490 has the most significant impact and was ranked first, followed by the economic factor with a path coefficient of 0.348. In third place is the administrative, institutional factor with a path coefficient of 0.327 and in fourth place is the social dimension with a path coefficient of 0.264.

The intellect is the distinguishing feature of man from animals which has not been found anything more harmful than wine for intellect and the descent of man into the position of animalism is the result of that. Wine has always been forbidden in the heavenly religions based on this, however, the time and manner of declaring its prohibition in Islam has led to the confrontation of two viewpoints in the instant prohibition with the intoxicate of sleep in the sense of the STATE of being intoxicated (Arabic: سُکارَی) in verse 4:43 An-Nisāʾ (Arabic: النساء, An-Nisāʾ) and gradual prohibition with the intoxicate of wine. The findings of this research by a library study and descriptive analytical method indicate the accuracy of the THEORY of instant prohibition with Quranic, narrational proofs and rational confirmations and historical evidence in declaring the prohibition of wine in Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) verses in early Biʿtha (Arabic: بِعثة) and its emphasizing in verse 5:90 Al-Maʾidah (Arabic: المائدة, Al-Māʾidah). In contrast, the inaccuracy of the THEORY of gradual prohibition of wine was proved due to its content contradiction and opposition to the Holy Book of Quran, because it is STATEd, on the one hand, that wine in the first stage was forbidden during the prayer time with the revelation of verse 43 of An-Nisāʾ, the sixth Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) surah in order to justify the gradual THEORY with the gradual rational law, but on the other hand, it is STATEd to the absolute prohibition of wine in its verse 219 and also in some Makkī verses by violating the law of gradualness, by declaring that Surah Al-Baqarah is one of the first Madanī Chapters (suras) according to consensus that was revealed after the Hijrah (Arabic: الهجرة). Consequently, the occasions or circumstances of revelations in Sunni exegeses by negation the intoxication of wine in gradual THEORY have subjective exit from this verse for the motivation of defense of drinking wine of some people and the unjust attribution to others by incorrect justifying the allowance of wine until the revelation of verse 43 of An-Nisāʾ in Medina. Therefore, the distinction between declaring the prohibition of wine in Mecca in early Biʿtha and the delay of several years of execution of Ḥadd (fixed punishment) of Khmer (the drinking of alcohol, shurb khamr) in Medina in instant THEORY, in addition to creating strong motivation in leaving and religious final notice has also been a kind of educational method of Islam. While the announcement of the absolute prohibition of wine at the same time as the implementation of its Ḥadd (fixed punishment) with the revelation of verse 90 of Al-Maʾidah from the last Madanī Surahs (Surah Madaniyah) or Madani chapters in the gradual THEORY is against the educational method expected by them. The unjustifiable consumption of some companions of drinking wine in Medina until the revelation of the prohibition verse in addition to the achievement of the Quranic THEORY of Saib Tabrizi (Persian: صائب تبریزی, Romanized: Ṣāʾib Tabrīzī) is among the consequences of proving instant THEORY of the prohibition wine.

current research is to critically analyze the discourse of world peace in the textbooks of the Iranian educational system based on the THEORY of identification by L& M. For this purpose, the textbooks between the years 1357-1392 (primary period and first period high school) have been analyzed. This article has been done with the combined method of analyzing the discourse of Fairclough, L &M and focusing on the following questions: What was the status of the world peace discourse in the educational documents of this era? What subjects are these educational materials trying to create? What role have the dominant political discourses in this era played in shaping the identity of these subjects? The findings show that the discourse of world peace in educational books and documents has been rejected due to the demarcation between Islamic and non-Islamic, internal and external. Power processes have tried to create militant and vengeful subjects with a military identity. The factor of persuasion of the subjects is the axiomatization of the ideologies of the revolution with an Islamic nature. Also, the educational content by inducing specific defense ideologies has formed pacifist identities in all individual, interpersonal, social and international dimensions.

Different narratives have been offered so far of the nature of science and scientific activity. Roy Bhaskar as one of the leading critical realists seeks to set the ground for a Copernican Revolution in the philosophy of science which seems to have been handled well by him. To this end, he proceeds to highlight the ontological debates and at the same time pays attention to the social nature of science. In “, A Realist THEORY of Science”, , which contains original and powerful arguments in the philosophy of science, not only does he raise criticisms against some philosophical schools and explains his own THEORY of science, rather he does also broach significant categories in the philosophy of science. His remarks with their philosophical basis can inspire the scholar who studies Bhaskar’, s philosophy. Among the most important ones of these categories, one can refer to the mutuality of ontological realism and epistemological relativism as well as his criticism of Tarsky’, s THEORY of truth. This essay aims at reviewing Bhaskar’, s key work in the philosophy of natural sciences and identification of its points of weakness and strength using a descriptive-analytic method. This is undertaken through a detailed review of the whole book in view of its formal, qualitative, and content dimensions. The essay is concluded by a number of practical suggestions.